Tag Archives: Eastman Johnson

The American Dream Lives in Currier & Ives Prints

Eastman Johnsom image for Currier & Ives

Currier & Ives branded the American story so well that their prints still show up on everything from waiting room walls to whiskey bottle labels.

Seemingly, that is the way Nathanial Currier – a tall, blue-eyed man with a tendency toward depression and a gift for lithography – and James Merritt Ives – a rotund and jovial businessman – planned it when they set out to become “printers to the people.”

Their business spanned a half century, 1852 to 1904.  They produced and sold 7,500  images in an unknown quantity of editions. The subject matter was broad and they often based prints on works by well-known artists like Eastman Johnson, George Innes,  George Henry Durrie, and Arthur Fitzwilliam Tait.   One of the firm’s most prolific artists was Frances Flora Palmer, a mother and fisherwoman

Like documentary producers, they conjured the birth of the nation, the Civil War, the American West. Like news anchors, they fed the hungry with images of disasters, shipwrecks at sea and life in over-crowded cities. (They were the first to elevate the heroics of firefighters.)  As Americans grew content with life, Currier & Ives reflected leisure time with nautical prints, horse racing, hunting and idyllic country houses.

Jay Eye See, Maud and St. Julien in a nose to nose finish

One tenth of a second separated the winner in "The Leaders," 1888

Currier & Ives generally did not print a piece unless they thought it would sell at least 100 copies. Litho stones that were top-sellers were numbered and saved for later printings. (Subsequent editions often incorporate a revision, or a date.) If a print proved to be extremely popular, Currier ordered several stones ground and printed.

If a print flopped, Currier recycled, using the verso of the image for another printing. Rare two-sided images include the slow-selling “Clipper Ship Sweepstakes,” 1853, paired with the highly popular “Maple Sugaring,” 1856.

Intent on giving buyers what they wanted, Currier & Ives changed content as needed. A  print of George Washington holding a goblet of wine was not well received by the temperance women, so Currier & Ives removed the bottle of wine and sales improved markedly.

Central Park Skaters, Currier & Ives

Central Park, then as now- a draw for the light hearted

 

The Resident Artists of Green-Wood Cemetery

featureimage7

A visit to the booth of any number of American Paintings dealers and you will see many names of New Yorkers signed on canvas. Many of those artists are still at home in New York, specifically in Brooklyn’s Green-Wood Cemetery. A visit provides a tour of who’s who in granite from Currier and Ives to William Merrit Chase, George Bellows and Jean Michel Basquiat.

William Merritt Chase was certainly a big name during his lifetime and still one of the most well-known American artists. The engraving on his tombstone has almost worn off over time. Chase

once furnished his 10th street studio with luxurious and exotic items. He was one of the first generation of “modern artists” who took advantage of media and critics to create and protect his image as an artist. For sure, the studio visit is a powerful tool to connect to old and new clienteles and show off his tastes. Thus the meager size and simplistic style of the tombstone seems so incongruent to his social status.

Eastman Johnson was out of fashion during his late years. His drawing of a Jewish boy was sold by his widow to John Beatty, then the director of Carnegie Institute, for five dollars. It was one of the few portrait drawings that I would never forget. No other artist better portrayed antebellum and post-civil war America than Eastman Johnson. The tombstones says it clearly: “His works are his monument.”

It was not surprising to see the family tombs of both Nathaniel Currier and James Ives are well maintained and fairly grand. A business can run through generations successfully, but artistic talent may not transcend to the next generation, albeit all the best wish and family environment. One exception is perhaps Lucy Durand Woodman, the daughter of Asher B. Durand. She must be proud to be not only the daughter of Asher Durand but also an artist herself. Buried not far away from her father, her tombstone is in a shape of a artist pallet with three brushes. Thanks to internet, Geo and I found an image of her painting online, although more often her name appears in different museums as a donor of Asher Durand’s works.

There are not many examples of successful artists families (Pearle, Wyeth, and maybe Hill came to my mind), but both William and James Hart enjoyed a successful career with similar subjects and styles. The brothers were buried not together, but within close proximity. James’ tombstone is unique in that a cow is portrayed in the bronze relief. Quite often, Jame’s cow groups are grazing near the brooks or river banks, forming a horizontal or diagonal band. But here, the only cow is resting and staring earnestly toward the visitor. An angel stretched her arm over the cow and a quote from the bible says: “He makes me lie down on the pastures.”

Green-Wood Cemetery has about nine burial and/or cremations every day. Its vast expanse makes searching burial very challenging. Sometimes an old road or path is eliminated and instead a row of tomestones replaces it. In the case of George Bellows, we didn’t find his tombstone because the small trail which can be used to anchor his tomb is gone. Only after we came back and searched on internet did we find out his tombstone only specifies his initials: G W B.

The biggest surprise came from the mausoleum of John LaFarge. Louis Comfort Tiffany built an empire of stained glass, but LaFarge, equally famous for his glass-making, rests in a much grander scale at the base of a hillside. There, a red flower was placed on the door, a striking contrast between red and black. The intricate spiderwebs indicate perhaps it has been there long time. The door has no windows to see through. I am wondering what it would look like inside?

Check the Green-Wood Cemetery web site for tour and visiting information.