Tag Archives: furniture

Line and berry inlay. 7th in a 12 part series on Americana

queen anne detail

Pennsylvania has a rich history of furniture innovation, line and berry technique of inlay being among them.  Today Andrea Valluzzo explains how this precise inlay was created.

For antique furniture lovers, surface is king. One of the most rare and beautiful types of surface decoration is the line and berry inlay that was popular in the 1740s in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

This type of decoration featured patterns of interconnected arcs of inlay that were laid out with a compass, often ending in round patches of inlay or berries. Other related types of inlay include the popular herring bone pattern.

Pennsylvania Queen Anne line and berry inlay chest

Southeastern Pennsylvania Queen Anne line and berry inlaid walnut chest of drawers, circa 1740, sold at Pook and Pook recently.

A researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, Lee Ellen Griffith, examined over 100 pieces of furniture with this type of inlay. She analyzed and compared inlay patterns  as well as studying  the design process, the manufacture of inlaid furniture, and the transfer of information between cabinetmakers. The results were published in a 1988 dissertation.

Among the interesting findings is that this line and berry inlay has Welsh origins, a fact discovered by comparing Pennsylvania inlay patterns to pieces found Wales.

The center of its production on this side of the pond was in the southern townships of Chester County.  Production was at an all-time high in the 1740′s,. Most of its original fans were Quakers from the United Kingdom, who likely had been familiar with this type of craftsmanship before emigrating. Non-Welsh furniture buyers quickly recognized the beauty in these pieces and this inlay style became assimilated into the region.

A Maine antiques dealer recently blogged about this furniture recently, saying it very likely represents a unique use of the inlay technique in America. Certainly, line and berry inlay attracts  a passionate group of collectors.

Bible Box

A rare William and Mary bible box with berry and line decoration, dated 1749. Photo courtesy Pook & Pook Auctioneers

In fact, scouring the Internet for specific examples of these works to talk about here, I could only find two examples.  I’ve included their pictures here.

If you’re like me and appreciate surface, and are lucky enough to find one of these pieces in your travels, either pull out your checkbook or take the time then and there to study it closely. You likely won’t see one again for a while.

Duncan Phyfe Exhibit On at Met, Open During Americana Week

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The long-awaited Met exhibit on the legendary American furniture maker Duncan Phyfe is on again at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and will be open during Americana Week.

A poor immigrant when he arrived in America from his native Scotland, Phyfe acquired wealth and fame through hard work and exceptional talent. Throughout the first half of the 19th century he made neoclassical furniture for the social and mercantile elite of New York, Philadelphia, and the American South. His personal style, characterized by superior proportions, balance, symmetry, and restraint, became the New York local style. Many apprentices and journeymen exposed to this distinctive style by serving a stint in the Phyfe shop or by copying the master cabinetmaker’s designs helped to create and sustain this local school of cabinetmaking. Demand for Phyfe’s work reached its peak between 1805 and 1820, and he remained a dominant figure in the trade until 1847, when he retired at the age of 77. Within the short span of a single generation, however, the work of the master cabinetmaker was all but forgotten.

Duncan Phyfe (1770 - 1854) Side chair ca. 1805-1810 Gift of Goodhue Livingston New-York Historical Society

Because Phyfe’s furniture was seldom signed, yet widely imitated, it is sometimes difficult to determine with accuracy which works he actually made. The exhibition breaks new ground by matching rare bills of sale and similar documents with furniture whose history of ownership is known, thereby codifying his style over time.

In the early 1800s, furniture from the workshop of New York City cabinetmaker Duncan Phyfe (1770–1854) was in such demand that he was referred to as the “United States Rage.” Opening December 20 at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the exhibition Duncan Phyfe: Master Cabinetmaker in New York—the first retrospective on Phyfe in 90 years—will serve to re-introduce this artistic and influential master

Wikimedia Commons

Sofa. United States, New York, ca. 1810-15. Attributed to the workshop of Duncan Phyfe Mahogany, cherry, pine, gilt brass, and modern upholstery. On loan to the Cincinnati Art Museum from the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Ohio.

cabinetmaker to a contemporary audience. The full chronological sweep of Phyfe’s distinguished career will be featured, including examples of his best-known furniture based on the English Regency designs of Thomas Sheraton, work from the middle and later stages of his career when he adopted the richer “archaeological” antique style of the 1820s, and a highly refined, plain Grecian style based on French Restauration prototypes. The exhibition brings together nearly 100 works from private and public collections throughout the United States. Highlights of the exhibition include some never-before-seen documented masterpieces and furniture descended directly in the Phyfe family as well as the cabinetmaker’s own tool chest.

Following its presentation at the Metropolitan Museum, the exhibition will be shown at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Duncan Phyfe: Master Cabinetmaker in New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art) will be released on October 25, 2011.

Looking for America in Americana

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Broadly speaking, Americana is the material products that come from a uniquely American experience. A Kentucky bureau, an Amish quilt, a Coca-Cola sign, a Schwinn bicycle and a Harley Davidson can all be seen and celebrated as Americana. To celebrate Americana is to celebrate American material culture. It’s as broad and deep as the country and open to both the narrow and expansive interpretations.

When we think of Americana, we often think of the folk art, colonial furniture and other items that relate to the people here in the early days- our ancestors. That’s one definition, and you’ll find lots of that in the

museums and shows at Americana Week. Americana goes beyond that. Andy Warhol brought forth a certain way of looking at Americana, and his iconic images are Americana as much as the soup cans he depicted are.

Then there’s the Americana of the West, and of Native Americans. As different people and cultures are woven into the American fabric, what is seen as Americana broadens and brings new stories to light.

Recently on ebay I spotted a Chock full o’Nuts coffee can with an image of the World Trade Center on it. That’s Americana. Watch an episode of American Pickers, from Coke signs to Schwinn bicycles, that’s Americana. In fact, lots of people are out there at flea markets and fairs finding Americana without ever thinking much about what it is. But looking for Americana is a process of looking for America, and one of discovering ourselves, our history and the stories about the people the items bring to life.

And so I asked a few folks for their definitions. I hope you’ll add yours in the comments section. We’ll continue to add more.

“Ordinary items that reflect the way American’s lived in the past.”

Mary Kates Ballard

“From my perspective, Americana reflects who we are. After 1830 we shook the allegiance to European roots and began to form our own ideas. Since our backgrounds are German, English, Irish, Scotch and even French, we couldn’t help but reflect those cultures. However we began to make furniture from native woods, pine, poplar, cherry and walnut instead of importing mahogany from Europe. Basic needs were met when we made blanket chests, food safes and cupboards. Many were painted and decorated to reflect the ancestry of the makers.

Booth of flag dealer Jeff Bridgman at Antiques and Art at the Armory in 2010

Women contributed by gathering together to make quilts, coverlets and carpets. These were made in the colors and designs that reflected their individual backgrounds, much the same as flags. We didn’t have fine institutions for education in the arts but we had artists who painted signs and decorated wagons and many also drew and painted portraits or landscapes for their customers as gifts or extra money.

We are a proud people and like decorative objects and so we began to create chalk ware (actually a form of paper mache) figures to resemble the fine English Staffordshire and to decorate our every day stoneware with wonderful pictures of flowers and animals. School girls practiced the art of sewing and embroidery.

Americana is really the feeling that all of these objects gives us; one of warmth, friendliness and texture. Some of us are lucky enough to have inherited the originals; others have become collectors through antiques sales and flea markets. But there are many reproductions available that will create a great Americana facsimile. Mostly Americana makes you feel good and makes you proud. Obviously as the years pass, the images will change and take on a new persona.”

Bettianne Sweeney